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Q1. In which of the following would you place the plants with vascular tissue lacking seeds?

• Algae
• Bryophytes
• Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms

Solution

Pteridophytes are terrestrial, vascular and seedless plants.

Q2. The phylogenetic system of classification is based on

• Morphological features
• Chemical constituents
• Floral characters
• Evolutionary relationships

Solution

The phylogenetic classification system is based on evolutionary relationships, and it is an acceptable method of classification at present.

Q3. Protonema occurs in the life cycle of 

• Riccia
• Funaria
• Chlamydomonas
• Spirogyra

Solution

Protonema is the juvenile stage of Funaria. It is a branched, green filamentous structure formed by the germination of spores under favourable conditions. 

Q4. The moss plant has which of the following characteristics?

• Gametophyte
• Sporophyte
• Sometime gametophyte and sometime sporophyte
• Predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte attached to it

Solution

Gametophyte is the dominant stage in the moss plant.

Q5. Male cone of Pinus is made of  

• Anthers  
• Ligules  
• Microsporophylls  
• Megasporophylls  

Solution

Microsporophylls contain sporangia in which haploid microspores develop. Microsporophylls in pine are present on male strobili.  

Q6. Which ones are non-vascular?

• Bryophytes
• Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

Solution

Bryophytes are non-vascular plants. They possess conducting strands for the absorption of water and minerals.

Q7. Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte occurs in which of the following options?

• Algae
• Pteridophytes
• Fungi
• Bryophytes

Solution

In Bryophytes, sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte. Gametophyte is photosynthetic, and hence, sporophyte gets its nourishment from the gametophyte.

Q8. The common mode of sexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas is 

• Isogamous
• Anisogamous
• Oogamous
• Hologamous

Solution

Different species of Chlamydomonas produce different types of gametes. Sexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas may be hologamy, isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy, but isogamy is the most simplest and common type and oogamy is the most advanced type of sexual reproduction. 

Q9. In Chlorophyceae, sexual reproduction occurs by  

• Isogamy and anisogamy
• Isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy
• Oogamy only
• Anisogamy and oogamy

Solution

Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae which show three types of sexual reproduction—isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy. 

Q10. Oogamous sexual reproduction involves the fusion of

• Motile and non-motile gametes
• Similar gametes
• Dissimilar motile gametes
• Dissimilar non-motile gametes

Solution

Oogamous is the fusion between a small motile male gamete and a large non-motile female gamete.

Q11. In Chlorophyceae, sexual reproduction occurs by  

• Isogamy and anisogamy  
• Isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy  
• Oogamy only  
• Anisogamy and oogamy  

Solution

In Chlorophyceae, sexual reproduction occurs by isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy.     Isogamy: The gametes are similar in size and shape. These gametes are not classified as male or female. They are noted as ‘+’ and ‘−’ strains.     Anisogamy: It is the fusion between two gametes which are either dissimilar in size or in both size and morphology. It is observed in Chlamydomonas.     Oogamy: Oogamy is a type of anisogamy. The male gamete is smaller in size than the female gamete.  

Q12. Consider the following statements with respect to characteristic features of the kingdom.     (A) In Animalia, the mode of nutrition is autotrophic.     (B) In Monera, the nuclear membrane is present.     (C) In Protista, the cell type is prokaryotic.       (D) In Plantae, the cell wall is present.     Of the above statements,  

• A alone is correct.  
• B alone is correct.  
• C alone is correct.  
• D alone is correct.  
• A, B and C are correct.  

Solution

(A) In Animalia, the mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.     (B) In Monera, the nuclear membrane is absent.     (C) Protists are unicellular eukaryotes.       (D) In Plantae, the cell wall is present.  

Q13. Gymnosperms are characterised by

• Multiflagellate sperms
• Naked seeds
• Winged seeds
• Seeds inside fruits

Solution

In gymnosperms, seeds are naked and are not embedded in fruits.

Q14. Gemma for vegetative reproduction occurs in which of the following plants?  

• Funaria  
• Fern  
• Marchantia  
• Riccia  

Solution

Gemma are the green buds in Funaria that develop along the axis of the leaves. They help in vegetative reproductive. When gemma detach from the parent plant, they develop into a new Funaria.  

Q15. Pinus differs from mango in having 

• Tree habit
• Green leaves
• Ovules not enclosed in an ovary
• Wood

Solution

Gymnosperms are known as seeded plants without flowers because their ovules are not covered and lie naked on the surfaces of specialised leaves arranged into cones. 

Q16. In ferns, meiosis occurs when 

• Spores germinate
• Gametes are formed
• Spores are formed
• Antheridia and archegonia are formed

Solution

In ferns, sexual reproduction takes place through spores which are borne in sporangia. 

Q17. The product of conjugation in Spirogyra or fertilisation of Chlamydomonas is 

• Zygospore
• Zoospore
• Oospore
• Carpospore

Solution

In Chlamydomonas, the zygospore is the resultant of isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy.     In Spirogyra, sexual reproduction occurs through conjugation which may be scalariform or lateral. The resulting zygote secretes a thick wall and is called zygospore. 

Q18. Bryophytes depend on water because water is required for which of the following processes?

• Vegetative propagation
• Filling archegonium for fertilisation
• Swimming of sperm up to egg inside archegonium
• Fertilisation of homosporous plants

Solution

Bryophytes require a layer of water on the soil so that the antherozoids can swim to the archegonium. Once they reach the archegonium, one of the antherozoids fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote.

Q19. Sago of Cycas is given to patients with stomach disorders because it is  

• Cheap  
• Easily digestible with less starch  
• Tastier  
• With high nutritive value  

Solution

Sago is a pure starch extract in the liquid state. In the solid state, it is in the form of granules. The sago obtained from Cycas circinalis is easily digestible. It is a major staple food for people from New Guinea.  

Q20. Fusion of two gametes which are dissimilar in size is termed  

• Oogamy  
• Isogamy  
• Anisogamy  
• Zoogamy  

Solution

Anisogamy is the fusion between two gametes which are either dissimilar in size or in both size and morphology. It is observed in Chlamydomonas. Oogamy is a type of anisogamy.  

Q21. Floridean starch occurs in  

• Myxophyceae  
• Chlorophyceae  
• Rhodophyceae  
• Phaeophyceae  

Solution

In Rhodophyceae (red algae), food is stored in the form of floridean starch. Its grains are stored outside the chloroplast.  

Q22. Protonema has which of the following characteristics?  

• Haploid and found in mosses  
• Diploid and found in liverworts  
• Diploid and found in pteridophytes  
• Haploid and found in pteridophytes  

Solution

Protonema is one of the stages of the gametophyte in the life cycle of moss. It develops from a spore. It is green, branched, filamentous and creeping.  

Q23. Agar is commercially received from

• Green algae
• Blue-green algae
• Brown algae
• Red algae

Solution

Red algae Gelidium and Gracilaria are used for the commercial production of agar. Agar is used in jellies. It is also used in microbiology techniques to grow microbes.

Q24. Ribbon-shaped chloroplasts occur in  

• Chlamydomonas  
• Spirogyra  
• Ulothrix  
• Riccia  

Solution

Spirogyra is the name of the genus which is derived from its spiral shaped chloroplasts.  

Q25. The gametophytic generation is dominant in which of the following terms?

• Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms
• Bryophytes
• Angiosperms

Solution

In Bryophytes, the sporophyte is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte.

Q26. The nutrient medium is made semi-solid by adding

• Pectin
• Agar-agar
• Sodium chloride
• Water

Solution

Agar is the substance obtained from red algae. It is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria.

Q27. Resin and turpentine are products of

• Teak
• Oak
• Eucalyptus
• Pine

Solution

Turpentine is obtained from pine resin.

Q28. Find the odd one out with respect to haplontic life cycle.

• Ectocarpus
• Ulothrix
• Spirogyra
• Chlamydomonas

Solution

In the haplontic life cycle, the plant body is gametophyte and independent. The sporophyte is not free-living and is dependent on the gametophyte. It is observed in majority of green algae such as Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas.

Q29. Which of the following is called amphibians of the plant kingdom?

• Bryophytes
• Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms
• Algae

Solution

Though bryophytes grow on damp soil, rocks, walls, on the banks of ponds, on the bark of trees, they require a layer of water on the surface of soil for the following reasons: Movement of male gametes to reach archegonia For the dehiscence of antheridia Because they lack conducting tissues, they require free water for absorption

Q30. Holdfast, stipe and frond constitute the plant body in case of  

• Rhodophyceae  
• Chlorophyceae  
• Phaeophyceae  
• All of the above  

Solution

In Phaeophyceae, the plant body is attached to the substratum by holdfast. The stalk is known as stipe. The frond is a leaf-like photosynthetic organ.              

Q31. In Pinus, if the pollen grain has 6 chromosomes, then its endosperm will have  

• 12 chromosomes
• 18 chromosomes
• 6 chromosomes
• 24 chromosomes

Solution

In gymnosperms such as Pinus, both pollen grains and endosperm are haploid and are formed before fertilisation. If the pollen grain has haploid number of chromosomes equal to 6, then its endosperm will also have 6 chromosomes. 

Q32. Mosses and ferns are found in moist and shady places because both have which of the following requirements?  

• Require the presence of water for fertilisation  
• Do not need sunlight for photosynthesis  
• Depend for their nutrition on microorganisms which can survive only at low temperature  
• Cannot compete with sun-loving plants  

Solution

Mosses lack vascular tissues. Also both mosses and ferns require water to carry out sexual reproduction.  

Q33. The dominant photosynthetic phase in the life cycle of Pteridophyta is equivalent to the

• Gametophytic phase of Bryophyta
• Sporophytic phase of Bryophyta
• Gametophytic phase of Pteridophyta
• Gametophytic phase of Gymnospermae

Solution

The dominant photosynthetic phase in the life cycle of Pteridophyta is equivalent to the gametophytic phase in the life cycle of Bryophyta.

Q34. The life cycle of cord moss is

• Haplontic
• Haplodiplontic
• Diplontic
• Haplohaplontic

Solution

The diplohaplontic or haplodiplontic phase of the life cycle is characterised by the presence of both sporophyte and gametophyte. Both of these phases are photosynthetic, multi-celled bodies and often free-living with almost equal phases - the diplophase and haplophase. All pteridophytes, bryophytes, cord moss and some brown algae have diplohaplontic life cycles. 

Q35. Meiosis occurs in Funaria in which of the following cells?

• Archegonial cells
• Spore mother cells
• Zygotic cells
• Antheridial cells

Solution

In funaria, antherozoids swim towards the archegonium. One of the antherozoids fuses with the archegonium to form the zygote. With the formation of zygote, the sporophytic phase begins, during which the zygote undergoes meiosis to form sporogonium.

Q36. Ulothrix filaments produce 

• Isogametes
• Anisogametes
• Heterogametes
• Basidiospores

Solution

Ulothrix is a green alga which reproduces sexually by the union of isogametes which are motile, biflagellate and morphologically similar gametes. Approximately 8-32 isogametes are produced from a mother cell. 

Q37. Both chlorophyll a and b are present in  

• Rhodophyceae  
• Phaeophyceae  
• Chlorophyceae  
• None of the above  

Solution

Chlorophyceae are green algae. They show the dominance of chlorophyll a and b which are found in definite chloroplasts.  

Q38. The plant body is the thallus in

• Gymnospermae
• Algae
• Bryophyta
• Pteridophyta

Solution

The thallus is an undifferentiated mass of cells. In algae, the plant body consists of numerous undifferentiated cells (tissue-level organisation is absent).

Q39. An incorrect character of brown algae is  

• Presence of chlorophyll a and b  
• It remains attached to the substratum  
• Presence of chlorophyll a and c  
• Presence of fucoxanthin  

Solution

Brown algae possess chlorophyll a but not chlorophyll b. The pigments present in brown algae are chlorophyll a and c, carotenoids and xanthophylls.  

Q40. Pyrenoids are characteristically found in the chloroplasts of  

• Angiosperms  
• Pteridophytes  
• Algae  
• Fungi  

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