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Q1. Secretin and cholecystokinin are digestive hormones. These are secreted by 

• Oesophagus
• Ileum
• Duodenum
• Pyloric stomach

Solution

Secretin and cholecystokinin are two main gastrointestinal hormones secreted in the duodenum of the alimentary canal. Cholecystokinin stimulates gall bladder contraction and thus increases the flow of bile salts into the intestine. Secretin stimulates the release of an alkaline pancreatic fluid which neutralises stomach acid as it enters the intestine.

Q2. When breastfeeding is replaced by less nutritive food low in proteins and calories in infants below the age of one year, they are likely to suffer from  

• Marasmus  
• Rickets  
• Kwashiorkor  
• Pellagra  

Solution

Prolonged starvation causes marasmus due to a generalised wasting of body because of both energy and protein deficiency. The body becomes lean and weak, the eyes are depressed and the skin is wrinkled.  

Q3. Which of the following is the largest gland in an adult man? 

• Thymus
• Liver
• Thyroid
• Pancreas

Solution

The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body and performs many vital functions to keep the body pure of toxins and harmful substances. It is a vital organ which supports nearly every organ in the body in some way. Without a healthy liver, a person cannot survive. An average adult liver weighs about three pounds.

Q4. In humans, sphincter of Oddi is associated with the opening of  

• Hepatopancreatic ampulla  
• Pyloric stomach  
• Oesophagus  
• Common hepatic duct  

Solution

The sphincter of ampulla or sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve which controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the second part of the duodenum.  

Q5. Stool of a person contains whitish grey colour due to malfunction of which type of organ?  

• Pancreas  
• Spleen  
• Kidney  
• Liver  

Solution

Bilirubin is broken down to urobilinogen and stercobilinogen. The yellowish brown colour of stool is due to stercobilinogen. Due to the malfunctioning of liver, insufficient production of stercobilinogen leads to white stool.  

Q6. In man, the zymogen or chief cells are mainly found in

• Cardiac part of stomach
• Pyloric part of stomach
• Duodenum
• Fundic part of stomach

Solution

Chief cells or zymogen are mainly found in the fundic part of the stomach.

Q7. Name the hormone which stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. 

• Renin
• Enterokinase
• Enterogastrone
• Gastrin

Solution

The hormone which stimulates the secretion of gastric juice is gastrin. It is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.

Q8. Bile salts act as an activator of which enzyme?   

• Pepsinogen  
• Trypsinogen  
• Lipase  
• Pancreatic lipase  

Solution

Bile contains no enzyme, but it activates the enzyme lipase.  

Q9. How many teeth appear twice during the lifespan of an individual?   

• 16  
• 32  
• 22  
• 20  

Solution

The teeth which appear twice during the lifespan are the milk teeth (8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars) which are temporary and erupt when the child is about 6 months old. They again appear by the end of 24 months.  

Q10. Oxyntic cells secrete   

• HCl  
• NaOH  
• Pepsin  
• Trypsin  

Solution

Oxyntic cells (also called parietal cells) lie against the basement membrane and secrete hydrochloric acid.  

Q11. Carbohydrate digestion first occurs in the

• Mouth
• Intestine
• Stomach
• None of the above

Solution

Carbohydrate digestion starts in the oral cavity, in which the food is mixed with saliva which then moves into the stomach.

Q12. The richest sources of Vitamin B12 are

• Goat’s liver and Spirulina
• Chocolate and green gram
• Rice and hen’s egg
• Carrot and chicken’s breast

Solution

Vitamin B12 is the only vitamin which is not found in vegetables. It is present in animal protein such as meat, liver, fish and Spirulina. It promotes DNA synthesis, maturation of RBCs and myelin formation.

Q13. For a person suffering from high blood cholesterol, the physicians recommend  

• Pure ‘desi ghee’ or butter  
• Vegetable oil such as groundnut oil  
• Red meat with layers of fats  
• Vanaspati margarine  

Solution

A high intake of saturated fat causes high blood cholesterol which ultimately gets deposited in the walls of the arteries causing their blockage resulting in various cardiac diseases. Ghee, butter, red meat and vanaspati are rich sources of saturated fats. A patient with high blood cholesterol is suggested to consume unsaturated fats as vegetable oils.  

Q14. The gastric juice contains 

• Trypsin, Pepsin, Lipase
• Pepsin, Lipase, Rennin
• Pepsin, Amylase, Trypsin
• Trypsin, Pepsin, Rennin

Solution

Gastric juice is secreted by gastric glands which also secrete digestive enzymes such as pepsin and rennin. The gastric glands also produce a small amount of gastric amylase and gastric lipase.

Q15. Argentaffin cells in human beings are found in   

• Small intestine  
• Stomach  
• Large intestine  
• Liver  

Solution

Argentaffin cells, the round or partly flattened cells, occur in the tissue lining the stomach and contain granules thought to have a secretory function.  

Q16. Pepsinogen is secreted by   

• Chief cell  
• Oxyntic cell  
• Mast cell  
• Parietal cell  

Solution

Pepsinogen and prorennin are gastric digestive enzymes secreted by the chief cells or peptic cells of the gastric glands.  

Q17. The crown of teeth is covered by 

• Dentine
• Enamel
• Both 1 and 2 above
• None of the above

Solution

Of the three regions of the teeth, the part which projects above the gums is the crown which is covered by enamel, the hardest substance of the human body.

Q18. Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain?   

• Lipase  
• Exonuclease  
• Endonuclease  
• Protease  

Solution

The groups of enzymes which catalyse the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds between nucleic acids in a polynucleotide chain are endonucleases.  

Q19. ‘Crypts of Lieberkühn’ are found in

• Gall bladder
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Intestine

Solution

The ‘Crypts of Lieberkühn’ (also known as the intestinal glands) are glands found in the walls of the small intestine. The crypts which are embedded within the epithelial lining secrete various enzymes, including sucrase and maltase.

Q20. Anxiety and eating spicy food together in an otherwise normal human may lead to 

• Indigestion
• Jaundice
• Diarrhoea
• Vomiting

Solution

Anxiety and eating spicy food together in an otherwise normal human may lead to indigestion.

Q21. The pancreas produces  

• Three digestive enzymes and one hormone  
• Three digestive enzymes and two hormones  
• Two digestive enzymes and one hormone  
• Three digestive enzymes and no hormone  

Solution

The pancreas produces pancreatic juice which contains trypsinogen, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, lipase, pancreatic alpha amylase, elastase and nucleases. Of these, the first three are concerned with protein digestion which converts proteins into small peptides.     Other than these, the pancreas also secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which act antagonistically in controlling the blood sugar level.  

Q22. Which one of the following is a matching pair of a substrate and its particular digestive enzyme?  

• Maltose - Maltase  
• Lactose - Rennin  
• Starch - Steapsin  
• Casein - Chymotrypsin  

Solution

Intestinal juices contain several oligosaccharides which hydrolyse specific polysaccharides into their monosaccharides. Maltase is one of them, which hydrolyses maltose into two glucose molecules.  

Q23. What will happen if the secretion of the parietal cells of the gastric glands is blocked within an inhibitor?  

• In the absence of HCl secretion, inactive pepsinogen is not converted into active enzyme pepsin.  
• Gastric juice will lack chymosin.  
• Enterokinase will not be released from duodenal mucosa, so trypsinogen is not converted to trypsin.  
• Gastric juice will lack pepsinogen.  

Solution

Gastric glands are numerous microscopic tubular glands formed by the epithelium of the stomach. The parietal cells are large and most numerous on the side walls of gastric glands. They secrete hydrochloric acid and Castle’s intrinsic factor. The peptic cells of gastric glands secrete gastric digestive enzymes as proenzymes (pepsinogen and prorennin) and a small amount of gastric amylase and gastric lipase. The hydrochloric acid maintains a strongly acidic pH of about 1.5 to 2.5 in the stomach.  

Q24. Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin and its related deficiency disease?   

• Calciferol - Pellagra  
• Ascorbic acid - Scurvy  
• Retinol - Xerophthalmia  
• Cobalamin - Beri-beri  

Solution

Vitamin A (retinol) and Vitamin D (calciferol) are fat-soluble vitamins, but the deficiency of calciferol causes rickets and osteomalacia.     Xerophthalmia is caused by deficiency of Vitamin A.  

Q25. Calcium deficiency occurs in the absence of vitamin

• D
• C
• E
• B

Solution

Vitamin D mainly helps in the Ca/P balance of body fluids. It increases absorption of calcium from the intestines, so it is necessary for formation of healthy bones and teeth. Deficiency of Vitamin D causes an increased loss of calcium ions in urine; thus, calcium ions get deposited in the bones. This causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in pregnant woman.

Q26. The enzyme pepsin acts in  

• Acidic medium in the pancreas  
• Acidic medium in stomach  
• Intestine  
• Mouth  

Solution

Pepsin hydrolyses proteins into short polypeptides in an acidic medium of pH 2.0 in the stomach.  

Q27. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?  

• Vitamin B12 - Pernicious anaemia  
• Vitamin B6 - Loss of appetite  
• Vitamin B1 - Beri-beri  
• Vitamin B2 - Pellagra  

Solution

Vitamin B2 helps in RBC production. Its deficiency causes cheilosis.  

Q28. Kwashiorkor disease occurs due to deficiency of

• Proteins
• Fats
• Sugars
• Hormones

Solution

Kwashiorkor is caused by deficiency of protein in the diet.

Q29. Chief cells of the gastric glands are   

• Simple tubular  
• Coiled tubular  
• Branched tubular  
• Compound tubular  

Solution

Gastric glands are numerous microscopic, tubular glands formed by the epithelium of the stomach.  

Q30. Peptic cells secrete 

• HCl
• Cholecystokinin
• Gastrin
• Pepsin

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